宜興(xing)市(shi)東臨太湖(hu)，北嵌(qian)滆湖(hu)，境內(nei)有東西團(tuan)滆，河蕩眾多，河流縱橫(heng)，池(chi)塘密布(bu)，是沿(yan)太湖(hu)地區(qu)水產(chan)養殖面(mian)積最大(da)的縣市(shi)。截(jie)至2017年，全市(shi)水產(chan)養殖面(mian)積達20.8萬畝(mu)，其(qi)中池(chi)塘17.8萬畝(mu)，湖(hu)泊、河溝等3萬畝(mu)。

近年(nian)來，隨著江蘇省“兩減六治三提升”專(zhuan)項(xiang)行動(dong)的(de)(de)深入推進以及(ji)太湖(hu)流域(yu)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)尾水(shui)達(da)標排(pai)放制度的(de)(de)全(quan)面實施，對(dui)宜興(xing)(xing)(xing)市水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)業綠色發展、漁業轉型升級提出(chu)了更高(gao)的(de)(de)要求。因此，宜興(xing)(xing)(xing)市水(shui)產(chan)技術(shu)推廣站(zhan)自(zi)2016年(nian)4月起，對(dui)全(quan)市主(zhu)流池塘水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)模式的(de)(de)水(shui)質進行了連(lian)續跟(gen)蹤調查，為研究宜興(xing)(xing)(xing)市水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)物的(de)(de)排(pai)放總量以及(ji)水(shui)環境容量提供數(shu)(shu)據支撐。對(dui)宜興(xing)(xing)(xing)地區的(de)(de)河蟹、鳊鯽魚兩種(zhong)主(zhu)要池塘養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)模式，連(lian)續監測(ce)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)周期內不同(tong)階段的(de)(de)水(shui)質COD、總氮和總磷(lin)等污(wu)染(ran)物濃度，結合養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)池塘的(de)(de)產(chan)量、排(pai)水(shui)情況，預估(gu)宜興(xing)(xing)(xing)地區主(zhu)要水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)模式的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)放系數(shu)(shu)及(ji)全(quan)年(nian)污(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)放量。

一、研究方法

（一(yi)）調(diao)查內容。本(ben)次調(diao)查內容包括(kuo)主流池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品種的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面積、養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)(shi)、年(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)量(liang)；投餌種類(lei)(lei)、數(shu)量(liang)、周期(qi)(qi)；池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)換水(shui)(shui)和(he)補水(shui)(shui)方式(shi)(shi)、數(shu)量(liang)及周期(qi)(qi)。（二）調(diao)查方法(fa)。池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)環境的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)主要(yao)來源(yuan)于餌料(liao)損失和(he)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)象排(pai)泄(xie)（主要(yao)是氮(dan)(dan)和(he)磷(lin)(lin)元素(su)）。因此(ci)，我們選(xuan)取(qu)CODcr、總氮(dan)(dan)和(he)總磷(lin)(lin)等三個(ge)(ge)因素(su)作為(wei)污(wu)染(ran)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)指標。檢測(ce)(ce)設備：島(dao)津UV-2700紫(zi)外(wai)/可(ke)見分(fen)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)度(du)(du)計(ji)(ji)；25ml滴定管；消(xiao)解(jie)(jie)裝置。化學需氧(yang)量(liang)：重(zhong)鉻酸(suan)鹽(yan)法(fa)GB/T11914-1989；總氮(dan)(dan)：堿(jian)性過硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)消(xiao)解(jie)(jie)紫(zi)外(wai)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)度(du)(du)法(fa)HJ636-2012；總磷(lin)(lin)：鉬酸(suan)銨(an)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)度(du)(du)法(fa)GB/T11893-1989。（三）數(shu)據(ju)采(cai)集(ji)。筆者對(dui)主要(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模式(shi)(shi)整個(ge)(ge)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)同(tong)步監(jian)測(ce)(ce)，按照每月監(jian)測(ce)(ce)一(yi)次的(de)(de)模式(shi)(shi)連(lian)續監(jian)測(ce)(ce)（2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月至2018年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月）；池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前期(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)據(ju)來自苗種投放(fang)初期(qi)(qi)塘(tang)(tang)口取(qu)水(shui)(shui)河(he)道監(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)參數(shu)。根據(ju)化學分(fen)析法(fa)，水(shui)(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)系(xi)數(shu)的(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算公式(shi)(shi)：Fi=(Coi-Cfi)•Qi/Gai。其中，C0i、Cfi為(wei)i類(lei)(lei)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)選(xuan)取(qu)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)捕撈(lao)期(qi)(qi)和(he)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)；Qi為(wei)i類(lei)(lei)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)選(xuan)取(qu)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)；Gai為(wei)i類(lei)(lei)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量(liang)。然后，根據(ju)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品種的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)系(xi)數(shu)乘以全市總產(chan)量(liang)Gti，計(ji)(ji)算得出(chu)相應品種CODcr、氨氮(dan)(dan)、總氮(dan)(dan)和(he)總磷(lin)(lin)等染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)：Li=Gti•Fi。

二、研究結果

（一）全(quan)(quan)市(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基本(ben)情況(kuang)。根(gen)據(ju)2017年度(du)(du)(du)(du)漁情統(tong)計(ji)數(shu)據(ju)顯示(shi)，宜(yi)興市(shi)的(de)(de)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，全(quan)(quan)市(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)積(ji)達(da)12.4萬畝(mu)，鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)達(da)6.7萬畝(mu)。全(quan)(quan)市(shi)全(quan)(quan)年養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)0.99萬噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)、鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)6.30萬噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。（二）主要(yao)水(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)基本(ben)情況(kuang)。通過(guo)前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)調(diao)研(yan)分(fen)析(xi)，我(wo)們分(fen)別在(zai)新建鎮(zhen)、和(he)橋鎮(zhen)選擇了(le)有代表性的(de)(de)河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)、鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)口(kou)進行(xing)了(le)現場調(diao)查(cha)，根(gen)據(ju)收(shou)集(ji)的(de)(de)資料(liao)匯(hui)總(zong)，這兩類養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)基本(ben)要(yao)素如表1所示(shi)。（三）水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)指標(biao)。1.河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)。2017年3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)，放(fang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)種(zhong)前(qian)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)周(zhou)邊河(he)(he)道（西(xi)孟河(he)(he)）水(shui)(shui)中CODcr濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)15.1mg/L，總(zong)氮(dan)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.52mg/L，總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.045mg/L。2018年1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)干塘(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)，水(shui)(shui)中CODcr濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)25.0mg/L，總(zong)氮(dan)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.885mg/L，總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.083mg/L（詳(xiang)見圖(tu)1、圖(tu)2）。養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)中，8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)是全(quan)(quan)年最(zui)好的(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)，年末至年初水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)相對(dui)(dui)較差(cha)。2.鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)。2017年2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)，放(fang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)魚(yu)苗前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)周(zhou)邊河(he)(he)道（殷村港(gang)）水(shui)(shui)中CODcr濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)12.3mg/L，總(zong)氮(dan)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.580mg/L，總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.118mg/L。2017年12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)清(qing)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)，池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)中CODcr濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)25.4mg/L，總(zong)氮(dan)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.630mg/L，總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.308mg/L（詳(xiang)見圖(tu)3、圖(tu)4）。對(dui)(dui)比河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)同時期(qi)(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)指標(biao)，鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)各階段的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)均差(cha)于河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其中，8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)最(zui)優，7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)和(he)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)、11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)較差(cha)。（四(si)）水(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)染(ran)排(pai)放(fang)量研(yan)究結(jie)果根(gen)據(ju)監測數(shu)據(ju)和(he)計(ji)算公式(shi)，確(que)定河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)、鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)放(fang)系數(shu)，測算結(jie)果見表2。其中，河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)總(zong)氮(dan)排(pai)放(fang)系數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)負值，這意味(wei)著在(zai)我(wo)們所監測的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)中，河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)不僅沒有向外(wai)排(pai)放(fang)總(zong)氮(dan)污(wu)染(ran)物，還通過(guo)池(chi)(chi)塘(tang)(tang)(tang)內部生態系統(tong)消(xiao)納了(le)部分(fen)總(zong)氮(dan)。根(gen)據(ju)2017年度(du)(du)(du)(du)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)產品產量計(ji)算，全(quan)(quan)市(shi)河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)CODcr和(he)總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)量分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)817.156噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)和(he)3.120噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)，消(xiao)納環境(jing)總(zong)氮(dan)52.410噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)；全(quan)(quan)市(shi)鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)排(pai)放(fang)了(le)762.174噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)CODcr、61.047噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)總(zong)氮(dan)和(he)11.025噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)。總(zong)體上來說，2017年4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至2018年1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間，宜(yi)興市(shi)的(de)(de)鳊鯽(ji)魚(yu)、河(he)(he)蟹(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)水(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)共計(ji)排(pai)放(fang)CODcr1579.330噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)、總(zong)氮(dan)8.637噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)、總(zong)磷(lin)(lin)14.145噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。

摘要：在水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)過程中，諸多因素均(jun)會導致環境被污染(ran)。為了加強對(dui)環境污染(ran)的(de)(de)防(fang)治，改善養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)環境，必須對(dui)水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)引發污染(ran)的(de)(de)原因進行分析，并采取針對(dui)性的(de)(de)防(fang)治措施，從而實(shi)現(xian)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)效益與(yu)生態(tai)效益的(de)(de)最大化(hua)。

關鍵(jian)詞：水產養殖；環境污染(ran)；防治措施(shi)

一、水產養殖引起環境污(wu)染的原(yuan)因

在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，主(zhu)要可以從微觀(guan)和(he)(he)(he)宏觀(guan)兩(liang)方(fang)面來(lai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析(xi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，就(jiu)微觀(guan)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)來(lai)看，主(zhu)要在(zai)于(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響；而(er)(er)(er)(er)宏觀(guan)方(fang)面主(zhu)要在(zai)于(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理方(fang)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。（一）微觀(guan)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。當(dang)前(qian)，我(wo)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要采取淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池塘(tang)、工廠(chang)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)網(wang)(wang)(wang)箱(xiang)(xiang)3種養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。就(jiu)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池塘(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言，其(qi)屬于(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)高和(he)(he)(he)密(mi)度(du)(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，內部(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)穩定性和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)自(zi)身凈化(hua)能(neng)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)差，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糞便與殘(can)餌較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富(fu)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)會(hui)(hui)出現水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)缺氧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)(dong)物成群死亡，且(qie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浮游(you)植物會(hui)(hui)在(zai)短(duan)期內瘋狂生(sheng)長，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失(shi)敗。而(er)(er)(er)(er)就(jiu)工廠(chang)化(hua)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)來(lai)看，主(zhu)要是(shi)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)投(tou)放(fang)(fang)飼料(liao)(liao)，并(bing)投(tou)放(fang)(fang)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚藥(yao)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣內部(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)就(jiu)能(neng)及時更(geng)新，同時把(ba)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)入周邊(bian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)含了諸多(duo)(duo)氮磷，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)周邊(bian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域被(bei)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)，且(qie)會(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)周邊(bian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域被(bei)富(fu)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，甚至因(yin)(yin)此出現赤(chi)潮現象(xiang)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)就(jiu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)箱(xiang)(xiang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)來(lai)看，主(zhu)要是(shi)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)設置網(wang)(wang)(wang)箱(xiang)(xiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)限制水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)，此時養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)直接和(he)(he)(he)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)連接，在(zai)網(wang)(wang)(wang)箱(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)投(tou)入魚餌和(he)(he)(he)魚藥(yao)之(zhi)后，不僅會(hui)(hui)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)網(wang)(wang)(wang)箱(xiang)(xiang)內部(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)影響，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)也會(hui)(hui)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)影響，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)整個水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)被(bei)富(fu)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)易導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面出現赤(chi)潮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)。（二）宏觀(guan)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。當(dang)前(qian)，在(zai)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業中(zhong)(zhong)，不管(guan)(guan)采取哪種養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)（場）為(wei)(wei)(wei)了提高自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同期利潤，往往會(hui)(hui)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)模(mo)，并(bing)投(tou)入大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資源，且(qie)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗放(fang)(fang)。在(zai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，放(fang)(fang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度(du)(du)要比水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)所(suo)能(neng)承受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)值要大(da)(da)(da)(da)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)使得環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)被(bei)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了確保水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)清潔，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)員(yuan)需要頻繁(fan)更(geng)換水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，此時大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)向(xiang)外(wai)(wai)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)引起巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)問題(ti)。加(jia)之(zhi)當(dang)前(qian)我(wo)國從事水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保意(yi)識嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)不足，且(qie)出于(yu)對經濟利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考慮，忽視了對環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預防。例如，在(zai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飼料(liao)(liao)選(xuan)擇方(fang)面，大(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)選(xuan)用(yong)價格低廉且(qie)對環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)較(jiao)(jiao)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚飼料(liao)(liao)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)使用(yong)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)；在(zai)用(yong)藥(yao)方(fang)面，我(wo)國在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)藥(yao)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)明確，但實際上經常存在(zai)盲目用(yong)藥(yao)與采用(yong)違禁藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)和(he)(he)(he)危(wei)害(hai)。此外(wai)(wai)，政(zheng)府在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監管(guan)(guan)力(li)度(du)(du)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)不足，很多(duo)(duo)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)沒(mei)有(you)許可證件，缺乏對養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育培訓，尤其(qi)是(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)員(yuan)往往是(shi)非專(zhuan)業人(ren)員(yuan)，加(jia)上對由(you)此帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懲治(zhi)力(li)度(du)(du)不夠，給(gei)很多(duo)(duo)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)難以形成強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震懾(she)作用(yong)，最終導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)現象(xiang)時有(you)發生(sheng)。

二、防治措施

（一(yi)）推廣實施(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)許可(ke)證(zheng)制(zhi)度(du)。實施(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)許可(ke)證(zheng)制(zhi)度(du)，主要(yao)(yao)是為(wei)了(le)(le)從源頭(tou)上對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍、規(gui)模與從業人(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)控制(zhi)。這就需要(yao)(yao)政府設置相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管理(li)部門，在特定區域對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)實施(shi)(shi)全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)審核(he)，并(bing)明(ming)確(que)特定區域內可(ke)以(yi)(yi)承受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量、規(gui)模以(yi)(yi)及可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式。同時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)核(he)，切(qie)實加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術和裝備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審核(he)，并(bing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)評估(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)在環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)行(xing)性，只有(you)評估(gu)合格(ge)才能(neng)頒發許可(ke)證(zheng)件，并(bing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)明(ming)確(que)其(qi)(qi)(qi)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)。此外(wai)，還應(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)非法養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導，督(du)促(cu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)責(ze)(ze)令(ling)限期(qi)改正，不(bu)改正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)取(qu)締，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)與環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合作(zuo)(zuo)，切(qie)實加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)水(shui)(shui)域環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監督(du)，才能(neng)從源頭(tou)上加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)污染(ran)防治成效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)。（二）切(qie)實提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)技術人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)意(yi)(yi)識。為(wei)了(le)(le)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)意(yi)(yi)識，首(shou)先(xian)應(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)和培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。在教育(yu)過程中(zhong)，應(ying)引導其(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)(yi)識到自身在整個水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，切(qie)實肩(jian)負起環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)，盡可(ke)能(neng)避免環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況出現。而在培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)過程中(zhong)，主要(yao)(yao)應(ying)注重其(qi)(qi)(qi)專業水(shui)(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)，同時(shi)結合其(qi)(qi)(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)模和區域以(yi)(yi)及環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)，針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)性地進(jin)行(xing)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，特別(bie)是在環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)上應(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次，在日常工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)核(he)和監督(du)檢查(cha)力度(du)，全面(mian)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)和考(kao)核(he)飼(si)料、魚藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投喂(wei)技術要(yao)(yao)點，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飼(si)喂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)性，避免由于飼(si)喂(wei)過多和飼(si)喂(wei)方(fang)式不(bu)合理(li)而給(gei)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)帶來影響。最后(hou)，應(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)在水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)布(bu)局(ju)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導，建立健全養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)范圍及其(qi)(qi)(qi)周(zhou)邊(bian)水(shui)(shui)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)預警(jing)評價機制(zhi)，強(qiang)(qiang)化環(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開展。尤(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)是應(ying)減(jian)少化學試(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)，降低(di)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)。此外(wai)，還應(ying)采取(qu)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)體凈化措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污染(ran)得到有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)。

1我國水產養殖病害現狀

1）疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類比(bi)較多(duo)。在世界上，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)較多(duo)，是唯一一個超(chao)(chao)過捕撈量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家，并且(qie)(qie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類是比(bi)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，主(zhu)要有魚(yu)(yu)類、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生植物。貝(bei)類和甲殼類等(deng)(deng)。同時(shi)形(xing)成規模化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類已(yi)(yi)經超(chao)(chao)過等(deng)(deng)了(le)60種，但是每種養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)都會(hui)受(shou)(shou)到病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)襲。2）復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)。由于(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)幅員遼闊，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土面積比(bi)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此(ci)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具有較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)度，在此(ci)基礎上，養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域環境也呈現(xian)(xian)各種各樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)(xing)，主(zhu)要有海洋、湖泊、池塘和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫等(deng)(deng)，從這種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)來(lai)看，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域環境確實比(bi)較發(fa)(fa)雜，這樣(yang)(yang)一來(lai)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)也會(hui)呈現(xian)(xian)很多(duo)類型(xing)(xing)，造(zao)成復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象。因為不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件和方(fang)式，以及氣候條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同都會(hui)促使水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)呈現(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。此(ci)外，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種苗能夠實現(xian)(xian)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)換，并且(qie)(qie)呈現(xian)(xian)較為頻(pin)繁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，增加大(da)了(le)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)，而(er)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間和頻(pin)率(lv)也不(bu)(bu)固定，由原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季節性(xing)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)轉(zhuan)向全年性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)形(xing)式，對(dui)(dui)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)平(ping)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)造(zao)成嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。3）重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)疫病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)暴發(fa)(fa)流行。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行業來(lai)說，重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)疫病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴發(fa)(fa)和流行對(dui)(dui)其(qi)是一種致命性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊，降(jiang)低了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成活率(lv)，對(dui)(dui)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業造(zao)成嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟利益損失，在重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)期間，具有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致死(si)率(lv)，例如(ru)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規模最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)類型(xing)(xing)是草魚(yu)(yu)，但是由于(yu)受(shou)(shou)到出(chu)血病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)襲，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草魚(yu)(yu)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)急劇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下降(jiang)，大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡(wang)，而(er)其(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡(wang)率(lv)已(yi)(yi)經超(chao)(chao)過了(le)90%；而(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要出(chu)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)類型(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)蝦(xia)(xia)，在受(shou)(shou)到白斑綜合(he)癥或(huo)者是桃拉綜合(he)癥病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒，那么(me)對(dui)(dui)蝦(xia)(xia)也會(hui)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡(wang)，死(si)亡(wang)率(lv)在85%左右，這樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，不(bu)(bu)僅降(jiang)低了(le)對(dui)(dui)蝦(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)，還對(dui)(dui)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)口效益造(zao)成嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，而(er)特色養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種患鱖魚(yu)(yu)如(ru)果受(shou)(shou)到傳染性(xing)脾腎壞死(si)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)害(hai)(hai)(hai)，那么(me)其(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡(wang)率(lv)高達90%以上。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)這種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)，制約我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素就(jiu)是病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。

2我國水產養殖病(bing)害防治現狀

1）輕預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)重(zhong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療，病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀念較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)落(luo)后。我(wo)(wo)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品養(yang)(yang)殖人(ren)員往往存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)僥幸心(xin)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)養(yang)(yang)殖水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，不(bu)加強水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)，而是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)受到(dao)侵害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)之后才(cai)采(cai)取(qu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施進(jin)行治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療，這樣一(yi)來(lai)(lai)，不(bu)僅防(fang)(fang)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)不(bu)明顯，還會(hui)浪費大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)工。2）藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業落(luo)后，研(yan)發能(neng)力不(bu)高。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)通常(chang)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)(he)獸(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)當中移植出來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，缺(que)乏(fa)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論基礎，包括藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)和(he)(he)(he)毒理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論基礎，而防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中嗎，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)給劑(ji)量(liang)不(bu)能(neng)夠很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療沒有(you)(you)針(zhen)對性(xing)，沒有(you)(you)起到(dao)任何的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)療效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，不(bu)但如此，還會(hui)造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境污(wu)染和(he)(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)殘留，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端(duan)。3）缺(que)乏(fa)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。由于受到(dao)科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)，我(wo)(wo)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)還不(bu)是(shi)(shi)很完善，缺(que)乏(fa)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)指(zhi)導和(he)(he)(he)依據，肉眼、憑經驗行事(shi)是(shi)(shi)基層病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)工作(zuo)者對病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)檢測(ce)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，普遍存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)誤判(pan)(pan)誤診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)現(xian)象。而縣級(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)疫(yi)(yi)站人(ren)才(cai)隊(dui)伍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業素質比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)低和(he)(he)(he)設備(bei)配備(bei)也不(bu)很完善，病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)嚴重(zhong)缺(que)乏(fa)。3我(wo)(wo)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)發展趨勢1）病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)行水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，很有(you)(you)必要(yao)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)進(jin)行疫(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)，然(ran)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)根據評(ping)估(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)去制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)措施，這樣能(neng)讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)疫(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播有(you)(you)所(suo)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，縮小疫(yi)(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)流(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍。進(jin)行風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)主(zhu)要(yao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)根據決策需要(yao)，并將科學(xue)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)評(ping)判(pan)(pan)那些(xie)(xie)不(bu)確定(ding)(ding)事(shi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，作(zuo)出邏輯判(pan)(pan)斷，然(ran)后再結(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)現(xian)代數(shu)學(xue)方(fang)法還有(you)(you)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗，這樣一(yi)來(lai)(lai)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)指(zhi)標體系(xi)就(jiu)建(jian)立(li)成(cheng)了(le)，通過(guo)(guo)指(zhi)標值(zhi)得確定(ding)(ding)和(he)(he)(he)權重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確定(ding)(ding)，還能(neng)夠建(jian)立(li)一(yi)個綜合(he)(he)評(ping)價模型，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)確定(ding)(ding)風(feng)險(xian)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥值(zhi)來(lai)(lai)確定(ding)(ding)，還可(ke)以(yi)依據風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素所(suo)占有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權重(zhong)比(bi)(bi)例采(cai)取(qu)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)措施。2）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遠(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)面(mian)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)遠(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷系(xi)統(tong)建(jian)立(li)為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)預(yu)(yu)(yu)報及(ji)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療提供了(le)信(xin)(xin)息快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)傳遞(di)，分級(ji)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)平(ping)臺(tai)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)統(tong)一(yi)建(jian)模語言（UML）構建(jian)開發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)遠(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)監測(ce)預(yu)(yu)(yu)警(jing)與診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷系(xi)統(tong)，為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖動(dong)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測(ce)提供了(le)新途徑。我(wo)(wo)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)遠(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷平(ping)臺(tai)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)立(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)B/S結(jie)(jie)(jie)構為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Web瀏覽器平(ping)臺(tai)上，將先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)相結(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)，及(ji)時收(shou)集、分析、反(fan)饋信(xin)(xin)息，利用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究成(cheng)果(guo)和(he)(he)(he)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，建(jian)立(li)了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家數(shu)據庫(ku)和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)文獻資(zi)料庫(ku)，通過(guo)(guo)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)遠(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)系(xi)統(tong)“建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業務應(ying)用(yong)(yong)子(zi)系(xi)統(tong)、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)系(xi)統(tong)、按點部署(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)(shi)頻采(cai)集子(zi)系(xi)統(tong)，實現(xian)了(le)數(shu)據傳遞(di)、自助查詢、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)線交流(liu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)功能(neng)，可(ke)提供電子(zi)答(da)疑、用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)指(zhi)南(nan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)咨(zi)詢服務，以(yi)可(ke)視(shi)(shi)、交互的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，實現(xian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自助診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷和(he)(he)(he)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家遠(yuan)程(cheng)(cheng)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷。3）免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)調節(jie)劑(ji)方(fang)面(mian)。應(ying)用(yong)(yong)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)增(zeng)強劑(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)讓機體抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能(neng)力有(you)(you)所(suo)增(zeng)強，免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)調節(jie)劑(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)促進(jin)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)反(fan)應(ying)并誘發宿主(zhu)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)反(fan)應(ying)，尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)對高低等(deng)(deng)(deng)無脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)所(suo)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)特異性(xing)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)非(fei)常(chang)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)(wo)國應(ying)用(yong)(yong)先天性(xing)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)增(zeng)強制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)中還是(shi)(shi)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，目前(qian)已(yi)經形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)批(pi)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)，有(you)(you)海藻(zao)多糖(tang)(tang)、糖(tang)(tang)蛋白以(yi)及(ji)幾丁質等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，最典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)中草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)，這些(xie)(xie)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)已(yi)經廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)中。

3結語

水產品的(de)(de)種(zhong)苗(miao)能夠(gou)實現(xian)全國的(de)(de)互(hu)換，并且呈現(xian)較為頻(pin)繁的(de)(de)狀況，增加大了病(bing)(bing)害的(de)(de)多樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)，而病(bing)(bing)害發(fa)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)時間和(he)頻(pin)率(lv)也不(bu)固(gu)定，由原(yuan)來的(de)(de)季節性(xing)(xing)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)轉(zhuan)向全年性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)形式，對我國水產平(ping)養殖的(de)(de)質量造成嚴重的(de)(de)影響。

隨著人(ren)類(lei)(lei)社(she)(she)(she)會經濟(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)問題(ti)日益嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，近30年來(lai)引起了(le)(le)世(shi)(shi)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注(zhu)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)然資(zi)本(ben)，它為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)社(she)(she)(she)會提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，是(shi)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)社(she)(she)(she)會存在(zai)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。11。僅(jin)(jin)認識(shi)(shi)到(dao)這種(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)然資(zi)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要性(xing)是(shi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不(bu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，將其作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要變(bian)量納入到(dao)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)社(she)(she)(she)會和(he)(he)(he)(he)經濟(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中，必須能(neng)夠測算(suan)這種(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)本(ben)價(jia)值(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。因此(ci)(ci)，costanza等(deng)對全球各(ge)(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)進行全面(mian)(mian)評估(gu)(gu)，吹響(xiang)(xiang)了(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)號(hao)角(jiao)舊(jiu)1。近10年來(lai)，該(gai)研究(jiu)領(ling)域(yu)已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)經濟(ji)學(xue)關(guan)注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱點問題(ti)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)研究(jiu)目(mu)前逐漸受到(dao)關(guan)注(zhu)，原因在(zai)于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)已逐漸成為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)社(she)(she)(she)會存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。首先，世(shi)(shi)界對糧(liang)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要有(you)增無減(jian)，到(dao)2050年，世(shi)(shi)界人(ren)口(kou)(kou)增長50％，對糧(liang)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要增加(jia)(jia)l倍。目(mu)前農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)面(mian)(mian)積大致占地(di)球總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25％，并有(you)繼續(xu)增加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢舊(jiu)1。其次(ci)，在(zai)人(ren)口(kou)(kou)稠密且第(di)二、第(di)三產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發達(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區，一(yi)定程度(du)上農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)替代品，替代自(zi)(zi)然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應部分(fen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。再(zai)次(ci)，人(ren)類(lei)(lei)對地(di)球的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)逐漸加(jia)(jia)深，任何一(yi)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)多或(huo)少(shao)(shao)受人(ren)類(lei)(lei)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)H-。因此(ci)(ci)，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)有(you)助于(yu)(yu)定量評估(gu)(gu)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)強度(du)，有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論價(jia)值(zhi)。第(di)四，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)，但(dan)(dan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)相(xiang)當大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)，由于(yu)(yu)缺(que)少(shao)(shao)相(xiang)應市(shi)場體(ti)現，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)價(jia)值(zhi)被大大低估(gu)(gu)，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民和(he)(he)(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補貼不(bu)足，因此(ci)(ci)，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)有(you)助于(yu)(yu)制定更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)政策。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要組成部分(fen)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)社(she)(she)(she)會提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)了(le)(le)眾多服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。撇開它所提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)談，僅(jin)(jin)食(shi)品供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1項(xiang)，該(gai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)2005年就給(gei)(gei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)33932501t水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品，海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積達(da)(da)1994531hm。，內(nei)陸(lu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積達(da)(da)5805488hm2。其中，池(chi)塘(tang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)(wei)(wei)2495361hm2，占內(nei)陸(lu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)43．0％。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)世(shi)(shi)界第(di)一(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)界上唯一(yi)1個(ge)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量超過捕撈產(chan)(chan)(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家作(zuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要貢(gong)獻。盡管(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)了(le)(le)眾多服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，其生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)也(ye)(ye)已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)關(guan)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱點問題(ti)，但(dan)(dan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)學(xue)者對此(ci)(ci)并未(wei)達(da)(da)成共(gong)識(shi)(shi)。在(zai)研究(jiu)某地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時，對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)以(yi)下幾種(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)方法：把水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)同于(yu)(yu)裸(luo)地(di)口(kou)(kou)J、把水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)同于(yu)(yu)河(he)流湖泊Mo、采(cai)用(yong)與costanza等(deng)拉1、MiⅡennium等(deng)o¨相(xiang)類(lei)(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，把水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)歸入農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)用(yong)地(di)哺’91。難以(yi)達(da)(da)成共(gong)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要原因在(zai)于(yu)(yu)缺(que)少(shao)(shao)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結(jie)構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)，而正如Heal等(deng)指出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)樣，“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)最基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)清楚表述和(he)(he)(he)(he)準(zhun)確(que)評估(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結(jie)構(gou)、功(gong)(gong)能(neng)以(yi)及(ji)效益之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)”¨…。因此(ci)(ci)，分(fen)析(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)是(shi)評估(gu)(gu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)步。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)半人(ren)工生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其結(jie)構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)受人(ren)類(lei)(lei)各(ge)(ge)項(xiang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)通過改變(bian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結(jie)構(gou)而影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)其功(gong)(gong)能(neng)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)內(nei)容和(he)(he)(he)(he)數量發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)變(bian)化。本(ben)文以(yi)池(chi)塘(tang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)述水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)，分(fen)析(xi)各(ge)(ge)項(xiang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)措(cuo)施(shi)是(shi)如何影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結(jie)構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，確(que)定池(chi)塘(tang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)型。

1池塘養殖生態系統的結構、功能和服務

1．1池塘養殖生態系統的結(jie)構

McLusky等認為(wei)(wei)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統結(jie)構(gou)由3類(lei)(lei)特征(zheng)(zheng)決定和體現，第1類(lei)(lei)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統中物(wu)種(zhong)的(de)分類(lei)(lei)學特征(zheng)(zheng)，第2類(lei)(lei)為(wei)(wei)有機體及環境因子(zi)的(de)尺度(du)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)量(liang)特征(zheng)(zheng)，第3類(lei)(lei)為(wei)(wei)具有相同生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)屬性的(de)功能組特征(zheng)(zheng)¨“。因此(ci)，國外研究人員在分析生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統結(jie)構(gou)時(shi)往往是通過各個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)指標來研究的(de)，如非生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)屬性的(de)溫(wen)度(du)、鹽度(du)、顆粒類(lei)(lei)型、溶氧量(liang)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)屬性的(de)物(wu)種(zhong)多樣性，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)量(liang)，物(wu)種(zhong)豐(feng)度(du)，葉綠素含量(liang)和功能組特征(zheng)(zheng)等¨“”1。

1．1．1池(chi)塘養殖(zhi)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)非(fei)生(sheng)物屬(shu)性池(chi)塘養殖(zhi)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)非(fei)生(sheng)物環境(jing)結構(gou)指的(de)(de)是該(gai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中光(guang)、熱、水、泥土、氣體、及無生(sheng)命(ming)的(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)(ji)與無機(ji)(ji)物質(zhi)等要素(su)(su)及其相互關系(xi)(xi)(xi)。這些非(fei)生(sheng)物環境(jing)要素(su)(su)構(gou)成(cheng)池(chi)塘生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中各種生(sheng)物賴以(yi)生(sheng)存的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。池(chi)塘養殖(zhi)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中最重要的(de)(de)有(you)以(yi)下幾項：光(guang)強和(he)光(guang)照(zhao)時間‘“1、水溫㈣、懸浮(fu)顆粒‘1“、溶氧(yang)㈣、池(chi)塘底(di)泥‘”1。

1．1．2池塘養(yang)殖生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)屬性(xing)池塘養(yang)殖生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)結構是該(gai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)核心組(zu)成部分(fen)，它由(you)生(sheng)產(chan)者、消(xiao)費者、分(fen)解者組(zu)成。作為(wei)一種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)人工生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)生(sheng)物(wu)學特(te)征與天然河流、湖泊(bo)、濕地自(zi)然生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)相比有(you)更明顯的(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)，尤其(qi)在(zai)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)n“、生(sheng)物(wu)量(liang)¨…、葉綠素含(han)量(liang)啪(pa)1、種(zhong)(zhong)群繁殖及壽(shou)命、功(gong)能組(zu)(functionalgmup)舊¨等屬性(xing)上有(you)較大差異。

【摘要】我國是用糧食大國，也(ye)是水(shui)產(chan)品資源消費大國，隨著小康(kang)社會的(de)全面建成，人們的(de)生活(huo)水(shui)平日益提高(gao)，導致對水(shui)產(chan)品的(de)種類和(he)數量(liang)需求量(liang)更大，為此提出了集約型養(yang)(yang)殖的(de)概(gai)念。雖然(ran)集約型養(yang)(yang)殖可以滿足社會市(shi)場的(de)基本(ben)需求，但是對水(shui)資源的(de)破壞也(ye)是十分明顯(xian)的(de)。基于此，本(ben)文(wen)以此為研究對象，講述了水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖規劃與環境(jing)影響之間的(de)關(guan)系，為水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖市(shi)場提供借(jie)鑒意義(yi)。

【關鍵字(zi)】水產(chan)養殖(zhi)；養殖(zhi)規劃；環境影響

1水產(chan)養殖的基本現狀

我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)地(di)域遼闊，水資源(yuan)豐富，隨之而(er)來的水產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)業也逐步發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，快速占(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的重要地(di)位。在(zai)水產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)方面(mian)，大(da)量的養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)魚類(lei)、蝦類(lei)、蟹(xie)類(lei)、貝類(lei)等多種(zhong)品類(lei)。改(gai)革(ge)開放以來，水產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)業大(da)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，推動(dong)了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)農村經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，調整了(le)(le)農業產(chan)業結構(gou)，增加了(le)(le)農民(min)(min)收入，優化(hua)了(le)(le)居民(min)(min)的膳食結構(gou)，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)了(le)(le)對外貿易。隨著我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)水產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)業的大(da)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，海洋捕撈能(neng)力、復合型漁(yu)(yu)場(chang)、漁(yu)(yu)業人(ren)口等等都(dou)得(de)到了(le)(le)大(da)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，并(bing)在(zai)一定(ding)程度上促(cu)(cu)進(jin)了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)各項經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。據(ju)不完全統計，在(zai)2005年，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)水產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)業在(zai)全球的占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)達到了(le)(le)71%，在(zai)很大(da)程度上，直接(jie)影響(xiang)了(le)(le)全球水產(chan)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)業的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，直接(jie)引領(ling)著我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)漁(yu)(yu)業的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

2水(shui)產養殖規劃與環境影響

2.1基本定義

無論水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)是否愿意和(he)做好了相(xiang)關(guan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)準(zhun)備，在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模化(hua)(hua)和(he)集約(yue)化(hua)(hua)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模式，已經(jing)越來越普遍地成為了提高(gao)勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必然選擇。然而(er)，隨著水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加，如果水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)選用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)飼料品質不佳(jia)、預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)疾(ji)病時采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)措施不當，或者(zhe)(zhe)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)措施不盡合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，所(suo)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在高(gao)密(mi)度、集約(yue)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)御功能就有(you)可能受到(dao)嚴重抑制(zhi)。當水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)御功能低(di)下時，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條件(jian)致(zhi)病生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)就容易侵染水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，最終導致(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)暴發(fa)出各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)病。因(yin)此，對于廣大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)言(yan)，所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)與方(fang)(fang)法，能否調節和(he)穩定(ding)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)御功能，令(ling)其不受到(dao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抑制(zhi)，既是衡量(liang)其采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)投入(ru)品是否優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判(pan)定(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)，也是判(pan)定(ding)其采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)是否科學合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。這是因(yin)為調節和(he)穩定(ding)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)御功能，不僅(jin)是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)選用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)投入(ru)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，也是可以作(zuo)為評價養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。眾所(suo)周知，在我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，大多(duo)是將大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或者(zhe)(zhe)不同種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在同一個養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進行(xing)所(suo)謂“單(dan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)”或者(zhe)(zhe)“混養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。無論是單(dan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)還是混養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式，其共(gong)同點都是將大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。因(yin)此，位于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)執(zhi)業(ye)獸醫以及養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)，應該(gai)將其主要(yao)精(jing)力(li)放在關(guan)注水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)健康，注重對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)面。然而(er)，在我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)疾(ji)病防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)方(fang)(fang)案制(zhi)定(ding)和(he)實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)（Groupimmunity）和(he)群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)（Colonyprevention）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念，尚(shang)(shang)處(chu)于發(fa)展階段(duan)，相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究及成熟理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論述尚(shang)(shang)比較鮮見。群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)概念中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)謂“群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”，只(zhi)是針對“個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”而(er)言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。根(gen)據養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式與模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況，其群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)規模大小(xiao)也會存在比較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異。在本文中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”，主要(yao)是指水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)場中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)某個池塘或者(zhe)(zhe)網(wang)箱中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平。

1群體免疫的概念

群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)指當某種致(zhi)(zhi)病生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)傳染(ran)至(zhi)某個(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)后，水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一部(bu)(bu)分個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，因接種疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗或者(zhe)內服免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)調(diao)節(jie)劑而(er)獲(huo)得免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)力(li)，也使(shi)其它沒有(you)獲(huo)得免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)力(li)的(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)間受到保(bao)護而(er)不(bu)被傳染(ran)。關(guan)鍵(jian)就(jiu)是(shi)即使(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內發(fa)生(sheng)感染(ran)，其病原也不(bu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)中(zhong)增(zeng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、不(bu)能(neng)快速擴(kuo)散。為達(da)到這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)目標，就(jiu)要求達(da)到或超過保(bao)護力(li)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)達(da)到一定比例，而(er)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)比例需要在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同(tong)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平的(de)(de)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)，利(li)用致(zhi)(zhi)病生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)攻擊才(cai)能(neng)夠(gou)計算(suan)出來的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)，個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)基(ji)礎。如同(tong)細胞是(shi)機體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)最(zui)基(ji)本的(de)(de)組成(cheng)單位一樣(yang)，由于(yu)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之間遺傳、體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)質存在(zai)(zai)(zai)差(cha)異，對同(tong)種疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)應答水(shui)(shui)(shui)平存在(zai)(zai)(zai)差(cha)異等(deng)，一般而(er)言，對水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)進(jin)行群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)接種后，雖(sui)然免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)密(mi)度(du)達(da)到了100%，但是(shi)，結果(guo)也是(shi)很(hen)難達(da)到全部(bu)(bu)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)是(shi)因為漏免(mian)或者(zhe)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劑量(liang)不(bu)足(zu)，是(shi)不(bu)可忽視(shi)的(de)(de)主要原因。在(zai)(zai)(zai)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平上，免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)格(ge)(ge)率（Immunizationpassrate）是(shi)評(ping)價群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)最(zui)重要指標。依照群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)理論(lun)，當水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)護力(li)下(xia)降時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)易感動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數量(liang)就(jiu)會(hui)逐漸地增(zeng)加，而(er)由于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)感染(ran)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數量(liang)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)加和向(xiang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)排除(chu)致(zhi)(zhi)病病原數量(liang)的(de)(de)相應增(zeng)加，導致(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)中(zhong)病原生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)數量(liang)不(bu)斷(duan)上升，最(zui)終就(jiu)可能(neng)導致(zhi)(zhi)疾(ji)病在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)暴發(fa)。因此，從(cong)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)角度(du)考慮，對水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)疾(ji)病防控(kong)，應該(gai)受到水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業者(zhe)的(de)(de)重視(shi)，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)貫徹實(shi)施。

2群體免疫的評(ping)價指標

免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)率(lv)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)達(da)(da)到(dao)臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)保(bao)護(hu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量，在(zai)(zai)(zai)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)總數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)。迄今(jin)為止，多(duo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)接(jie)(jie)(jie)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)判定(ding)(ding)指(zhi)標(biao)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根據受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)率(lv)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)有所不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)對(dui)(dui)受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)高低(di)(di)判斷是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于監控(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)性疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)效(xiao)果。對(dui)(dui)于細(xi)菌性疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)，除(chu)了通(tong)(tong)過(guo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)進(jin)行(xing)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)外，還(huan)可以通(tong)(tong)過(guo)測定(ding)(ding)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抑菌試(shi)驗(yan)效(xiao)果進(jin)行(xing)判斷。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)方(fang)(fang)面尚未(wei)有明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判定(ding)(ding)指(zhi)標(biao)。目前，我國(guo)尚無商(shang)業化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類寄生蟲病(bing)(bing)(bing)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)。按照上(shang)述方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)測定(ding)(ding)水(shui)(shui)產養殖群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至少50尾受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，根據對(dui)(dui)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防控(kong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，達(da)(da)到(dao)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)率(lv)（一(yi)般需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)至少達(da)(da)到(dao)70%以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)率(lv)），則可以判定(ding)(ding)受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)養殖魚(yu)(yu)(yu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對(dui)(dui)于一(yi)些烈(lie)性傳染(ran)(ran)性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)（如(ru)(ru)傳染(ran)(ran)性造血(xue)(xue)(xue)器官(guan)怪死(si)病(bing)(bing)(bing)，infectioushematopoieticnecrosis，IHN）可能(neng)例(li)外，因(yin)(yin)為養殖魚(yu)(yu)(yu)群中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有少量魚(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)這(zhe)種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)后(hou)(hou)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，從患病(bing)(bing)(bing)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釋(shi)放出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)量，就有可能(neng)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過(guo)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)抵抗(kang)發生感(gan)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)閾值(zhi)。群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)所需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)品，具有統計(ji)學意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)即可，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)品應采取分類別采樣(yang)(yang)，才有臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)。即應該明確到(dao)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季節與水(shui)(shui)溫，某(mou)個(ge)年(nian)齡階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)群，如(ru)(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于魚(yu)(yu)(yu)種(zhong)、成(cheng)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)親魚(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)監測，如(ru)(ru)果受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)合格(ge)率(lv)低(di)(di)于上(shang)述要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，則需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮進(jin)行(xing)加強免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)種(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)評(ping)價中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并非所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)類型均具有臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)保(bao)護(hu)力(li)，例(li)如(ru)(ru)，日(ri)本(ben)學者(zhe)川合（1985）在(zai)(zai)(zai)利用(yong)(yong)福爾馬林(lin)滅活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鰻弧菌（Vibrioanguillarum）接(jie)(jie)(jie)種(zhong)日(ri)本(ben)鰻鱺（Anguillajaponica）后(hou)(hou)，發現血(xue)(xue)(xue)清中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)凝(ning)集抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)高低(di)(di)與受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)日(ri)本(ben)鰻鱺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)護(hu)力(li)之間(jian)沒(mei)有顯(xian)著相(xiang)關(guan)性。在(zai)(zai)(zai)大多(duo)數(shu)(shu)(shu)情況下，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)抗(kang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)效(xiao)價與受(shou)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)護(hu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)性更顯(xian)著。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)試(shi)驗(yan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)長、對(dui)(dui)檢(jian)測條件要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)嚴格(ge)，不(bu)便作為基層檢(jian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)單位(wei)使用(yong)(yong)，這(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其缺點之一(yi)。正確評(ping)估(gu)(gu)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合格(ge)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，還(huan)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮流行(xing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)抗(kang)原(yuan)或(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匹配(pei)性問題。如(ru)(ru)果疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)防控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野生毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)已(yi)經發生了抗(kang)原(yuan)變異，如(ru)(ru)果草魚(yu)(yu)(yu)出血(xue)(xue)(xue)病(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、異育銀鯽(ji)造血(xue)(xue)(xue)器官(guan)壞死(si)癥病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面抗(kang)原(yuan)發生了變異，就會導致(zhi)制(zhi)備(bei)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)護(hu)力(li)出現不(bu)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。因(yin)(yin)此，在(zai)(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)制(zhi)備(bei)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)并預估(gu)(gu)其免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)護(hu)力(li)時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)制(zhi)備(bei)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與野生毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)抗(kang)原(yuan)或(huo)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性。在(zai)(zai)(zai)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)以某(mou)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)能(neng)抵抗(kang)野毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)時(shi)(shi)，可通(tong)(tong)過(guo)測定(ding)(ding)這(zhe)個(ge)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與流行(xing)野毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)清交(jiao)叉中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)試(shi)驗(yan)，以計(ji)算(suan)相(xiang)關(guan)抗(kang)原(yuan)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)（antigenindex），通(tong)(tong)常是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)最高相(xiang)關(guan)抗(kang)原(yuan)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)備(bei)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)。當然，最直接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比較免(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)原(yuan)性基因(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)源性，在(zai)(zai)(zai)確保(bao)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，選(xuan)擇(ze)同(tong)(tong)源性高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao)，效(xiao)果就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

3影響水(shui)產養殖動物群體免疫水(shui)平(ping)的環境因素

一、水產養殖企業(ye)績效(xiao)管理中利潤中心的確(que)立及其意義

績(ji)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)者及(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工為(wei)了實(shi)(shi)現(xian)特(te)定目標(biao)(biao)而共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)參(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)績(ji)效(xiao)計(ji)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定及(ji)考核評價等過(guo)(guo)程。實(shi)(shi)施(shi)績(ji)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，有助于(yu)提高(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men)及(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)績(ji)效(xiao)。而利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)具有一定獨(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品或勞務生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)經營決策權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)位或部(bu)門(men)。在水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)績(ji)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，將企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)相對(dui)(dui)獨(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)單(dan)(dan)位確(que)立為(wei)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)單(dan)(dan)位之間提供(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品參(can)(can)照市場同(tong)(tong)類產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品制定內部(bu)轉移價格，終(zhong)端產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銷售以實(shi)(shi)際銷售價格為(wei)準，財務部(bu)門(men)以此(ci)標(biao)(biao)準核算(suan)各(ge)(ge)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)單(dan)(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)確(que)立利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)具有重(zhong)(zhong)要意義。1.建(jian)(jian)(jian)立利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，有助于(yu)促(cu)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康發(fa)展與(yu)(yu)長遠(yuan)發(fa)展。通過(guo)(guo)抓(zhua)住成本與(yu)(yu)銷售這(zhe)兩項重(zhong)(zhong)點工作，水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)為(wei)主體，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)門(men)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)承(cheng)擔(dan)市場風險，共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)爭取水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)最大化，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創造更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)益，而且(qie)提高(gao)了水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范化水(shui)(shui)(shui)平。2.建(jian)(jian)(jian)立利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，有利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)于(yu)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)落實(shi)(shi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)責任。責權利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相當，才能有效(xiao)調(diao)動有關(guan)部(bu)門(men)及(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性。通過(guo)(guo)落實(shi)(shi)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)責任，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅可以提高(gao)工作效(xiao)率(lv)，而且(qie)有助于(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)(dui)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)形勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化進(jin)行及(ji)時反應。3.建(jian)(jian)(jian)立利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，有助于(yu)調(diao)動水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性。在水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立起來之后(hou)，權責更加明確(que)，使廣大員(yuan)(yuan)工對(dui)(dui)于(yu)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)責任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識更加深刻，更容易激發(fa)其他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作熱情，共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)設(she)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營目標(biao)(biao)。

二、水產養殖企(qi)業利潤中心的運作(zuo)

就水產(chan)養殖(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)而言，利潤中心制度就是(shi)要對水產(chan)養殖(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)的戰略目(mu)標進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)解量化(hua)、利潤中心的組(zu)織劃分(fen)以(yi)及目(mu)標的實施、審計，并進(jin)行(xing)考核的動態管理等。

1.利潤中心(xin)財務核算

以(yi)(yi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)來說，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)潤(run)等于(yu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)貨收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)減去銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)及(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)，包括(kuo)管理(li)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)、銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售費(fei)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)等。因此，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)核(he)算主要包括(kuo)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)、成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)算等。營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)是考(kao)核(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)。由于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)建立方式不(bu)同，收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)及(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算方式也明顯不(bu)同。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)核(he)算來說，必須結合水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)，按照一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，對(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)公(gong)司進(jin)(jin)行(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確認。由于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)只對(dui)(dui)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售等經(jing)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)所產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)、成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)獨立核(he)算，因此，在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)及(ji)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售所產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研發費(fei)用(yong)(yong)、直接成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)等都由各(ge)部門承擔，由利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)根據項費(fei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際發生(sheng)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)歸集。在對(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)、成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)核(he)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，就可以(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)司利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)利(li)(li)潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)過(guo)程(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)描述，其所產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)及(ji)支出就是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)支出。而那些需要分(fen)攤(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)，要根據一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則分(fen)攤(tan)到各(ge)利(li)(li)潤(run)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)去。

1.“洼地效應”理論的引入分析

一(yi)是(shi)(shi)具有(you)比較(jiao)性(xing)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)“洼(wa)(wa)地效應(ying)(ying)”的(de)核心特(te)征，是(shi)(shi)開展(zhan)(zhan)經濟(ji)活動的(de)基礎，更是(shi)(shi)抓好產(chan)業(ye)布局的(de)關鍵，決策(ce)群體(ti)可(ke)以通過(guo)不(bu)(bu)同區(qu)域之間的(de)區(qu)位(wei)、交通、資(zi)源(yuan)、人才、技(ji)術(shu)、政(zheng)策(ce)等因素的(de)比較(jiao)，根(gen)據需要做出(chu)(chu)適合(he)產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)最(zui)佳組合(he)。二是(shi)(shi)具有(you)趨向(xiang)性(xing)。趨向(xiang)性(xing)即是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種形(xing)象性(xing)的(de)概括(kuo)，也是(shi)(shi)遵(zun)循市(shi)場規(gui)律(lv)的(de)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)，市(shi)場在(zai)資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)置(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，由于供需、成(cheng)本、政(zheng)策(ce)導向(xiang)、資(zi)源(yuan)開發(fa)(fa)等關系的(de)作用下(xia)，引發(fa)(fa)資(zi)本流向(xiang)發(fa)(fa)生改(gai)變，形(xing)成(cheng)新興(xing)的(de)產(chan)業(ye)集聚(ju)鄂爾多斯的(de)羊絨、鏡(jing)泊湖(hu)旅游、深圳(zhen)特(te)區(qu)都是(shi)(shi)“洼(wa)(wa)地效應(ying)(ying)”的(de)趨向(xiang)性(xing)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)。三是(shi)(shi)具有(you)周期性(xing)。洼(wa)(wa)地效應(ying)(ying)也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個歷史發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)過(guo)程，有(you)其(qi)產(chan)生、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、壯(zhuang)大、消(xiao)亡的(de)客觀規(gui)律(lv)，起(qi)始“洼(wa)(wa)地效應(ying)(ying)”不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)那么，伴隨(sui)(sui)著“底層”設施建(jian)設、各項規(gui)章制度(du)制定(ding)，“洼(wa)(wa)地效應(ying)(ying)”才會(hui)慢(man)慢(man)顯現(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)來，隨(sui)(sui)著資(zi)金、技(ji)術(shu)、勞(lao)動力(li)的(de)不(bu)(bu)間斷流入，市(shi)場開始飽(bao)和起(qi)來，對外依賴開始加大，競爭逐漸嚴重，“洼(wa)(wa)地效應(ying)(ying)”逐漸消(xiao)失，也跟水流一(yi)樣，隨(sui)(sui)著位(wei)勢(shi)的(de)降低速度(du)不(bu)(bu)斷趨緩。

2.八(ba)五(wu)五(wu)農場創(chuang)造(zao)“洼地(di)效應”的比(bi)較優勢

前(qian)面(mian)我們從理(li)論層面(mian)對(dui)“洼(wa)地(di)效應”進(jin)行了簡要分析(xi)，在汲取科學發(fa)展(zhan)要素的基礎上，下面(mian)我們以發(fa)展(zhan)水(shui)產(chan)養殖業為重點，分析(xi)八五(wu)五(wu)農場產(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)的潛力和(he)優勢(shi)。

2.1區位優勢

八五五農(nong)場(chang)，隸屬(shu)黑(hei)龍江農(nong)墾總局牡丹江管理(li)局，位(wei)(wei)于密山市(shi)境西北(bei)部與(yu)寶清縣(xian)、七(qi)臺(tai)河市(shi)交界處(chu)。場(chang)部距密山市(shi)區(qu)60里路程。結合自然(ran)條件(jian)下的地(di)理(li)環境和發展乳肉禽蛋產(chan)業的區(qu)位(wei)(wei)要求(qiu)，八五五農(nong)場(chang)具(ju)備了發展水(shui)產(chan)養殖的區(qu)位(wei)(wei)優(you)勢。

按照(zhao)《省農業(ye)農村廳關于加強水產養(yang)殖用(yong)投入品監管的通知》要(yao)求(qiu)，為加強我市(shi)(shi)水產養(yang)殖用(yong)獸藥(yao)、飼料(liao)(liao)和(he)飼料(liao)(liao)添加劑(ji)等投入品管理，結(jie)合我市(shi)(shi)實(shi)際(ji)，制定工作方(fang)案如下(xia)：

一、指導思想

深入貫徹(che)落(luo)實國家和省加強食品(pin)安(an)全(quan)監管(guan)(guan)和推(tui)(tui)進水產(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)綠色發展(zhan)有關工作(zuo)部(bu)署要求，以提高水產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)水平(ping)、保障消費者安(an)全(quan)為核(he)心(xin)，嚴格執(zhi)行《漁(yu)業(ye)法(fa)》《農產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)法(fa)》《獸(shou)藥管(guan)(guan)理條(tiao)(tiao)例》《飼料(liao)和飼料(liao)添加劑管(guan)(guan)理條(tiao)(tiao)例》《農藥管(guan)(guan)理條(tiao)(tiao)例》《水產(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理規定》等法(fa)律法(fa)規，圍繞水產(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)投入品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)、經(jing)營和使用(yong)環節(jie)，堅持問題(ti)導向、打防(fang)結合、標本(ben)兼治(zhi)，落(luo)實監管(guan)(guan)責任，強化(hua)監管(guan)(guan)措施，推(tui)(tui)進水產(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)投入品(pin)規范生(sheng)產(chan)、經(jing)營和使用(yong)，有效助(zhu)力漁(yu)業(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)發展(zhan)。

二、工作目標

結合我市(shi)農產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)安全(quan)(quan)監管和(he)推進(jin)漁業(ye)高質量(liang)發展任務要求，進(jin)一步明確(que)水產(chan)養殖(zhi)用(yong)投(tou)入品(pin)監管范圍和(he)內容，切實履行監管責任，通(tong)過加強(qiang)宣傳、依法(fa)審批、專項整治、嚴(yan)格(ge)執法(fa)等，全(quan)(quan)面提高從(cong)業(ye)者(zhe)守法(fa)意識，規范水產(chan)養殖(zhi)用(yong)獸藥、飼料和(he)飼料添加劑的生產(chan)、進(jin)口、經營和(he)使用(yong)行為，有效(xiao)提高產(chan)地水產(chan)品(pin)獸藥殘(can)留(liu)監測合格(ge)率(lv)，保障水產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)安全(quan)(quan)。

三、重點任務

為深入(ru)貫徹落實科(ke)學(xue)發(fa)展觀和市(shi)委(wei)市(shi)政府(fu)關于創建(jian)“全(quan)(quan)(quan)國食品(pin)最安全(quan)(quan)(quan)城市(shi)”的(de)總體要求，強(qiang)化水產品(pin)質量安全(quan)(quan)(quan)監管，大力實施漁業標準化生產，不斷提升全(quan)(quan)(quan)市(shi)水產品(pin)質量安全(quan)(quan)(quan)水平，特制定工作方(fang)案如下：

一、工作目標

省級(ji)以上水(shui)產(chan)(chan)良種場(chang)、健康養殖(zhi)示范場(chang)、無(wu)公害(hai)水(shui)產(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)基地(di)、規(gui)模養殖(zhi)場(chang)和持證苗種場(chang)100%建立生產(chan)(chan)記錄、用藥(yao)記錄和銷售(shou)記錄，監管率、執法查處覆(fu)蓋率達到(dao)100%。

全(quan)年(nian)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)產(chan)品質量抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)85批次，抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)合格(ge)率(lv)98%以上；完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)海參(can)苗種(zhong)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)35批次，抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)合格(ge)率(lv)90%以上。陽(yang)性樣(yang)品生(sheng)產(chan)單位查處率(lv)達到100%。全(quan)年(nian)新組(zu)織(zhi)認定無公(gong)害(hai)水(shui)產(chan)品生(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)3處，推薦(jian)認證農(nong)業部無公(gong)害(hai)水(shui)產(chan)品3個(ge)。

二、保障措施

1．加強組(zu)織領導(dao)(dao)。進一(yi)步完善水(shui)產品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安全(quan)(quan)監管(guan)(guan)領導(dao)(dao)小(xiao)組(zu)，由市(shi)局局長任組(zu)長，分(fen)管(guan)(guan)局長任副組(zu)長，漁(yu)業管(guan)(guan)理科、漁(yu)政站、漁(yu)業技術推(tui)廣站及各鎮(zhen)(zhen)（處、區）主(zhu)要負責(ze)人為成(cheng)員(yuan)，負責(ze)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)水(shui)產品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安全(quan)(quan)監管(guan)(guan)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)組(zu)織領導(dao)(dao)；領導(dao)(dao)小(xiao)組(zu)下(xia)設辦公(gong)室于漁(yu)業管(guan)(guan)理科，負責(ze)水(shui)產品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安全(quan)(quan)監管(guan)(guan)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)組(zu)織協調。各鎮(zhen)(zhen)（處、區）也要完善相應工(gong)作(zuo)機構，明確(que)工(gong)作(zuo)責(ze)任。建立(li)一(yi)把手負總責(ze)，分(fen)管(guan)(guan)領導(dao)(dao)負主(zhu)責(ze)，相關部門(men)和人員(yuan)負直(zhi)接責(ze)任的(de)管(guan)(guan)理體系，將各項工(gong)作(zuo)落到實(shi)處并(bing)列入年度考核目(mu)標。